The logic of skipped spawning in fish

نویسندگان

  • Christian Jørgensen
  • Bruno Ernande
  • Øyvind Fiksen
  • Ulf Dieckmann
چکیده

That sexually mature fish skip reproduction, especially in response to poor condition, has been documented in many species. We present results from an energy-allocation life history model that shed light on the underlying logic of skipped spawning, based on the Northeast Arctic stock of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The model predicts that skipped spawning is a regular phenomenon, with up to 30% of the sexually mature biomass skipping spawning. Spawning should be skipped if the expected future gain in reproductive output, discounted by survival, more than balances the expected reproductive success the current year. Skipped spawning was most common (i) among potential second-time spawners and (ii) early in life, (iii) when fishing mortality at the spawning grounds was high, (iv) when fishing mortality at the feeding grounds was low, (v) when natural mortality was low, and (vi) when the energetic and mortality costs associated with migration and spawning were high. Cod skipped spawning more often when food availability was both increased (opportunities for better growth) and decreased (too little energy for gonad development), and this pattern interacted with mortality rate. We conclude that skipped spawning may be more widespread than appreciated and highlight potential consequences for the understanding of stock–recruitment relationships. Résumé : On a signalé chez plusieurs espèces de poissons que des individus arrivés à la maturité sexuelle omettent de se reproduire, particulièrement en raison d’une mauvaise condition physique. Nous présentons les résultats obtenus par un modèle démographique d’allocation de l’énergie qui illustre la logique sous-jacente à l’omission de la fraye, d’après des données provenant d’un stock de morues franches (Gadus morhua) du nord-est de l’Arctique. Le modèle prédit que l’omission de la fraye est un phénomène courant, qui affecte jusqu’à 30 % de la biomasse représentée par les individus sexuellement matures. La fraye doit être omise lorsque le bénéfice prévu du rendement reproductif futur, corrigé pour tenir compte de la survie, dépasse le succès reproductif attendu pendant l’année courante. L’omission de la fraye s’observe le plus communément (i) chez les géniteurs potentiels qui se reproduisent pour une seconde fois, (ii) tôt dans la vie des poissons, (iii) lorsque la mortalité due à pêche sur le site de fraye est élevée, (iv) lorsque la mortalité due à pêche sur le site d’alimentation est faible, (v) lorsque la mortalité naturelle est faible et (vi) lorsque les coûts en énergie et en mortalité associés à la migration et à la fraye sont élevés. Les morues omettent de frayer plus fréquemment à la fois quand la disponibilité de nourriture augmente (une occasion pour une meilleure croissance) ou qu’elle est basse (trop peu d’énergie pour le développement des gonades); ce patron interagit avec le taux de mortalité. En conclusion, l’omission de la fraye peut être plus répandue qu’on ne le croit. Il est possible d’identifier certaines répercutions potentielles du phénomène pour la compréhension des relations stock–recrutement. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Jørgensen et al. 211

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تاریخ انتشار 2005